History was made on Monday, October 7, 2019 when amendments to the Gothenburg Protocol came into force, marking what looks like an important step in international efforts to address air pollution.
Adopted in 2012, the amended Gothenburg Protocol entered into force in 18 countries in Europe and North America: Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and USA, and the EU.
Further member States of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) are expected to ratify the Protocol in the coming months.
Air pollution kills seven million people every year, according to a World Health Organisation (WHO) data. It is said to be the world’s largest single environmental health risk and a leading cause of death by cancer.
Air pollution is also closely linked to climate change and a major cause of environmental degradation, threatening almost two-thirds of Europe’s ecosystems. This makes air pollution a critical barrier for sustainable development, according to scientists.
The amended Protocol, negotiated under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Air Convention), establishes legally binding emissions reduction commitments for 2020 and beyond for the major air pollutants: sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5).
The amended Protocol is already supporting action for clean air in several countries. For EU member states, 2020 and 2030 reduction commitments under the revised National Emission Ceilings Directive from 2016 (NEC Directive), together with reporting mechanisms used to monitor countries’ progress, are based on the amended Gothenburg Protocol.
UNECE Executive Secretary, Olga Algayerova, stated: “The Air Convention, which this year celebrates 40 years of successful cooperation to tackle air pollution, remains the only regional policy solution of its kind anywhere in the world. UNECE, together with Parties to the Convention, will continue to promote ratification and implementation of the amended Gothenburg Protocol by other countries in the region, particularly in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, as well as cooperation with other regions.”
Chair of the Air Convention, Anna Engleryd, stressed that “the entry into force of the amended Gothenburg Protocol shows the continued commitments of the Parties to pursue steady reductions in emissions. Increased international interest demonstrates that our results are closely monitored in other regions, especially in Asia. The entry into force also opens the door to negotiations to go even further in the fight for clean air.”
Breaking new ground in the fight against air pollution
The amended Protocol is the first ever binding agreement to target emission reductions for PM2.5, which are a major concern in most cities around the globe. These obligations represent significant reductions for this key substance, for example: 46% for Cyprus; 37% for the Netherlands; 36% for Slovakia; 35% for Greece; 33% for Denmark; 30% for Finland and the UK; and 22% for the European Union as a whole (figures compared to 2005 base levels). By ratifying the amended Protocol, Parties commit to making emission reductions for all substances covered.
Estimates have shown that the costs of implementing the amended Protocol’s emission reduction measures would be equivalent to less than 0.01% of GDP for the EU. Given that the costs of healthcare and lost workdays due to air pollution are estimated at between 2.5% and 7% of GDP per year in Western Europe and to at or above 20% of GDP per year for 10 countries in the pan-European region, this makes the agreement a highly cost-effective policy solution.
Supporting improved air quality and climate action
Because fossil fuels are the major cause of both deadly air pollution and climate change, effective measures to reduce emissions can simultaneously improve air quality and bolster climate action.
The amended Protocol covers powerful greenhouse gases known as “short-lived climate forcers”, which contribute to global warming through, inter alia, increased absorption of solar radiation (black carbon).
The amended Protocol, says the UNECE, marks an important step in this respect by specifically including black carbon (or soot) as a component of PM2.5. Black carbon is 680 times more heat trapping than CO2. The agreement also includes emission reduction commitments for the ground-level ozone (O3) precursors nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds. By tackling these substances that negatively affect the climate and air quality, the Gothenburg Protocol has been described as an example of how air pollution and climate change policies can be addressed in an integrated manner.
